Kev nruj kev tsiv
Kev nruj kev tsiv R tsis peb
Ua nruj ua tsiv coj los yog Dysfunctional?
Muaj ib txhia sib ceg tias kev kub ntxhov tas lawm ib ncig txij thaum lub sij hawm immemorial li thiab yeej tseem yog. Qhov no puas muaj tseeb? Qhov no yuav tawm rau possibilities hloov?
Yog tej teeb meem thiab muaj kev kub ntxhov rau tib yam? los yog sib ceg ib tsab lus uas yog ib yam thiab noj qab nyob zoo yog neeg? Yog tej teeb meem no ces zoo li cas yog kev nruj kev tsiv? Ua nruj ua tsiv tsis pom tej lub sij hawm, hluav thiab/los yog txias? (hauv qab no saib rau kev soj ntsuam txog zoo li cas cov menyuam xav thiab hnov anecdotal).
Tav twg kuv xav hais tias tib neeg behaviour yog xwm (innate) los cob qhia (kawm), Kuv nco qab zaj dabneeg feral me nyuam yaus uas muaj nrog tsiaj. Ces kuv yuav qhia sawv daws tias sim neej no powerfully pawg los txias los ntawm qhov chaw uas peb nyob.
Cov me nyuam yaus uas tau raug tsa hais los ntawm tsiaj los ntawm ib tug nyuam pom ntau tug tsiaj niam tshaj human beings, leej twg perceive alien los yus. Txhua feral cov me nyuam thaum nws capture, xav nyob rau hauv cov qus, sim escapes los ntawm tib neeg, khaws tseg los yog tsis txhob tib neeg thiab tej zaum expressionless. Me feral qhia tsis txaus siab rau qhov cov me nyuam lawv lub hnub nyoog los yog cov kev ua si uas lawv ua si. Lawv tsis recognise lawv thiaj yuav thiab pom tias tsis muaj Symptoms rau lwm tus. Lawv tsis paub tias luag los yog quaj. Lawv muaj behaviour tug tsev neeg. Lawv ceg tawv haus, kawm suab tsiaj thiab gestures. Lawv tsis nyiam tej khaub ncaws thiab kua muag khaub ncaws. Feral me nyuam yaus mus nrhiav kev pab rau cov tuam txhab ntawm tej tsiaj. Interestingly txaus cov tsiaj qus yuav txoj kev ua me nyuam feral ( http://www.smashinglists.com/10-feral-human-children-raised-by-animals/ ). Haib li cas kev txias highlight no fascinating cov dab neeg thiab ib puag ncig yog. Yog hais tias ib tug me nyuam tsa ceg ntawm tug hma tsis pom tib neeg txhua, qhov no reveals tias yog leejtwg tiag thiab behaviour yog kawm ntawm qhov chaw.
Ces saib kev nruj kev tsiv hauv ntiaj teb no. Ib txhia yuav hais cov tsiaj tsausmuag, tiam sis ua peb paub li cas lawv lub tswv yim ua nruj ua tsiv (tsis pom tej) los cias ciaj sia taus instincts? Qhov no yuav yog ib tug neeg projection? Thaum peb soj ntsuam xwm tseem cuab kev ntuj lawv regulates Court thiab qhov ceev muaj culled los ntawm qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm txhom thiab prey. Peb yuav tsum tau ib feem ntawm cov xwm tab sis peb tshwm sim yuav txawv vim peb muaj ntau txoj kev xav thiab muaj dab lawm. Peb lub xeev kev lim peb pom lub ntiaj teb. Xav txog seb koj yuav xav tias yog hais tias koj yeej xaiv thiab mam li xav txog li cas koj hnov thaum koj muaj puas siab. Seb puas lub ntiaj teb zoo rau koj? Yog hais tias koj yog lossi menyuam tsausmuag dluab, npaum li cas yog tias effect koj raug kev puas siab? Uas cas shape ntiaj teb koj li cas? Xav txog nws thiab ho mus mus koj lawm. Dab tsi yuav ua tau ib txoj kev xav? qhov yuav tsim lub ntiaj teb zoo?
Kev nruj kev tsiv yog behaviour ntse thiab tseem ceeb tias cov me nyuam kawm tau tias kev nruj kev tsiv tsi muaj ib txoj kev zoo los daws teeb meem. Nws yog kev noj qab haus huv kom tau ib txoj kev xav, nws tsis muaj los yuav tsis zoo yog tug tsis txaus siab.
Yog tias peb saib lub ntiaj teb tau thaum pom tias nyias muaj nyias ib txhis thiab pom lub ntiaj teb no muaj ntau txoj kev, tej zaum peb yuav pom zoo tsis pom zoo tsis Symptoms kom nyob muaj cost winning lub cav.
Nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tsausmuag tsub kom tus me nyuam yuav tsim teeb meem behavioural. Nws qhia tau tias qhov no yog li cas peb tsis muaj teeb meem thiab yuav teev cov lub neej uas yuav ua tau zoo kawg thiab tu siab thiab lawv nyob rau lawv tus kheej thiab lwm tus yuav nyob.
Michael Moore hauv nws documentary ' Bowling rau Columbine’ hais txog kev nruj kev tsiv zuj zus nyob rau hauv zej zog thiab cov hoob qhia ntshai. Nws hais txog cov shootings nyob Columbine "High School" nyob rau Littleton Colorado, Teb chaws USA thiab sib tham Tus Manager Public Relations ntawm Lockheed Martin, cov khw caj npab rau peb tsoom fwv. Nws seb puas tsimnyog tiag uas hauv kev hais tsis sib haum txog kev kub ntxhov tsis hais lus thiab kev mus (tsov rog) thiab kev kub ntxhov nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Interestingly, raws li txoj cai lub teb chaws, lub gunmen ntawm Columbine High (lawv twb nyob) yuav muaj tau raug tua neeg thiab muab xa mus kaw hauv tsev. Whereas cov neeg tua rau ib pawg uas muaj neeg (raug raws ntaub ntawv governments) tsis tau sim raws li txoj cai international yog. Lwm pab pawg uas tua (unofficial) hu ua ' cov neeg phem’ (tsis pom zoo) los ' fighters txoj kev ywj pheej’ (pom zoo) nyob ntawm seb koj nyob rau ntawm sab.
Vim li cas thiaj ua peb ethics thiab qhov tseem ceeb hloov vim qhov txiav txim los ntawm ib pawg perceive raws li tus cai? Yog tua ua hauj lwm muab qhov uas peb xav mus ua ib haiv neeg los yog civilisation? Hnub kawg seb cov pab pawg neeg yog nom unofficial, mus cuag lub hom phiaj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tua nkawd ob leeg. Nyob hauv kev muaj tiag tus tua tus neeg inflicts tsis zoo xwb qhov mob thiab txoj kev rau tus neeg mob, tiam sis cov phooj ywg thiab cov yim neeg ntawm tus neeg mob. tsis tas li ntawd, cov zej zog muaj kev ntshai enormous puas hawv thiab upheaval. Cov me nyuam hlob nrog lub neej tej qhov txhab thiab saib lub ntiaj teb li chaw yus. Tsov rog yuav tsim kev sib raug zoo tiag? Ntawd puas tau? Peb tsis xav kom kaj siab lug tiag? Thaum twg koj pib mus nrhiav underneath koj yuav nyuaj siab txog fais fab tuag (tswj los ntawm kev ntshai) thiab kev dag nyob (feem xyuam rau txoj mus ntaus tswv yim zoo thiab tsis ncaj ncees lawm) Thaum ua hauj lwm.
Saib peb lub neej uas peb qhia kev kub ntxhov rau peb cov me nyuam hauv yeeb yaj duab tsausmuag, tsos thiab rog nyob rau cable t? Yog hais tias siv kev nruj kev tsiv yog li cas peb daws teeb meem? Tseeb yeej ib txhis paradigm ntawm cov hwjchim dua lwm tus los ntawm kev ntshai (kev siab phem). Ntshai yog siv los hloov behaviour txhua theem ntawm peb lub neej. Txawm li cas los, puas hloov behaviour hloov kev ntseeg? nws puas hloov koj kev ntseeg? Yog tus neeg tsis nroos hloov kev ntseeg rau dlhos nrog behaviour, cov neeg ua suppressed thiab resentful thaum raug tshem tawm ntawm lwm tus.
Qhov txawv ntawm ib tug terrorist thiab ib tug tub rog yog dab tsi? Ob hnub txiav txim tua. Xav tias tsam lawv tsim dab tsi? Dab tsi ua ib qho kev ua tsov ua rog? Vim li cas ho tsis los siv ua kev nruj kev tsiv khom hais tsis sib haum? Vim li cas ho tsis tau niam txiv yuav qhuab qhia siv tus qauv ntawm empowerment los sis hlub, uas yog, kev qhia cov me nyuam los txais lub luag hauj lwm pab kev xaiv thiab kev pab? Vim li cas ho ua peb tseem qhia tej me nyuam los ntawm peb piv txwv uas lawv yuav tsum ua raws li peb hais? Peb yuav tsum ua li cas peb hais? Peb yeej hais tau dab tsi uas lawv xav los yog hnov? Vim li cas thiaj tsis empower me nyuam yaus es siv hlab? Peb yuav tsum xav txog no yog hais tias peb yuav ciaj sia ua ib hom.
Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv
Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, kev kub ntxhov thiab cov hluas ua nyob hauv tej, yog tau sib tw yam rau lub neej. No pom muaj strengthened los teenage tus shootings ntawm Columbine High school, Littleton, Colorado. Ob tus hluas raug teeb meem thiab tua tom nrog high-powered phom. Ua kom muaj qhov behaviour yog dab tsi los txuam nrog cov tub hluas lawm ostracised, stigmatised thiab hais lawv tom thiab xib fwb. Cov kev nruj kev tsiv yog txawm ua ib lo lus teb ntse rau siab. Littleton muaj ib qhov kev txaus sab ntawm muab kev nruj kev tsiv los ua ib daim ntawv kev dlaws teeb meem. Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv yog pom tias qhov feem ntau nias kawm ntawv no nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas. Tej critics vajhuam tias tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsis teb rau qhov teeb meem decisively, risking txhawb kev kawm ntawv. [1]
Nyob Australia, tsis ntev los no lub kaum hli ntuj 21, 2002 shooting nyob Monash University, nyuas o ua kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwv txheej no ib tug txiv neej armed muaj ib rab yaj phom tua ob tug neeg. [2] Cov pub leej twg tsa zej zog ntshai tsis koj thiaj tsis raug mob thiab sau cov lus nug txog txoj kev siv cov kev kub ntxhov yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem.
Dr Christie ntawm Queensland University of Technology hais tseg tias cov tsev kawm ntawv tau lawm ntev recognised li siv nws tej kev sib tham ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv. [3] Kev nruj kev tsiv yog hom twg cem ua phem txhaum cai assaults. Tshaj tej ntawm, nws nyob hauv qhov kev tshawb ntawm cov uas 50-60% cov tub hluas thiab 40% cov hluas nkauj muaj homophobic txoj kev xav. Nyob rau Australia thaj (1992) cov tub hluas ntawd tshem tawm rau lub cev ua phem 25 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj cov ntxhais. Hauv Victoria, 83% me nyuam kawm ntawv tshem tawm tau tub saibxyuas kev tsim txom lub cev thiab cem. Nyob rau hauv qhov ACT, (1996) behaviour tsausmuag zus ib twb tshwm rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv tag, ua ntej tsev kawm ntawv qib Kindergarten thiab cov. [4]
Yam lwm kev nruj kev tsiv yog hais txoj. Cov muaj tshwm sim thiab tom qab ntawm cov neeg ua muaj kev kub ntxhov yog muaj xws li: txheej xwm kev paab, tsev neeg lub neej thiab kev sib raug zoo, tsev kawm ntawv, yaam puab paub ua hauj lwm thiab cov zej zog. tsis tas li ntawd, qhov khoob ntawm cov nplua nuj thiab tsis yuav ua tau ib lub catalyst rau kev nruj kev tsiv. Cov tawm thiab lom ze tawm raws li muaj peev xwm thiab feem xyuam rau txoj kev nruj kev tsiv. [5]
Yam mob behaviour antisocial thiab txhaum cai xws li tus me nyuam tus mob xiam oob khab, qhov uas tsis muaj- hwm tug, kev tsis txawj, alienation thiab ua tsis nco xav behaviour. Tsev kawm ntawv lwm yam xws li: tsev kawm ntawv tsis ua hauj lwm, pab pawg neeg deviant neeg ib phaum, kev siab phem, neeg ib phaum rejection thiab tswj behaviour tsis txaus. Yam neeg xws li: niam teenage, txiv tsis, disharmony, tsev neeg cov kev kub ntxhov, tsev neeg tawg tuaj thiab txoj kev sib nrauj. Cov tsev neeg yog li qhia siv kuj hais li muaj cawv heev tshaj rau cov me nyuam. [6] Ib myriad uas muaj lwm yam mob uas tus me nyuam cov kev kub ntxhov thiab aggression xws li me nyuam Adults thiab txom nyem kom niam txiv me nyuam-rearing txoj kev. Tus me nyuam raug kawm yuav chim tas mus txog thaum cov coercive sis thaj. Hom niam txiv thiab cov me nyuam kawm coercive behaviours kev khiav tsis zoo stimuli. [7]
Kev siab phem nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv
Kev siab phem muaj recognised ua ib daim ntawv ntawm tsausmuag behaviour. Nyob Australia, kev tshawb ntawm 7,500 me nyuam kawm ntawv uas qhia 20% neeg kawm ntawv twg uas muaj rov ntawm 5-17 xyoos twb hais tsawg kawg ib zaug ib lub lim tiam. Kev siab phem yog xam kuj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. [8] Tshaj tej ntawm, cov me nyuam ib hauv NEESNKAUM yog ib lub siab phem. [9]
Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav hauv lub UK qhov chaw ua si yog lub chaw rau kev siab phem heev tshaj. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, kev siab phem no mas kwv yees 10-20% cov me nyuam kawm ntawv no, notably cov lus txoj kev sib thab thiab sib thuam. [10]
Xib feb Ken Rigby ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv txog qab Australia, hais ntxiv tias kev siab phem yog ' txoj kev tsim txom ua neeg tsis haib ib haib dua tus neeg lossis cov pab pawg neeg ". Kev siab phem yog txwv kom muab zais kom lub cev, cem thiab puas hawv. Kev siab phem raws li kev hem thawj los yog ntshai. Thaum qhov txawv yog teeb lub siab phem tsis muaj ua ntau ntau yuav tsim kev ntshai thiab tus neeg pom nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tawg no mus los. [11]
Muaj 7 hais kom muaj kev siab phem:
- Nyias mus ua – lwm qhov mob
- Kev siab phem kev ua rau muaj siab;
- Yog kawg hurtful;
- Npaus ntawm cov hwjchim – thab plaub yog muaj muaj zog thiab muaj hwjchim tshaj (lub cev, psychologically);
- Yog tsis muaj kuj uas muaj lub, tsim txom los tau ib yam dabtsi los;
- Nws tseem pheej behaviour;
- Lub siab phem nyiam ua phem rau tus neeg mob. [12]
Kev siab phem yuav entrenched nyob hauv zej zog vim yog lub secrecy thiab ib nyuas perceives nws yog phem rau 'hnub' zom. [13]
Cov yim neeg ntawm cov neeg raug dag hais muaj li ntawm overprotective whereas cov yim neeg ntawm bullies tsis tu. Yog tus inconsistency hauv kev soj ntsuam txog tej teeb meem behavioural. Txim tej zaum yuav inconsistent lossis hnyav heev saib tsam.
Tus me nyuam absorbs hais tias lub ntiaj teb no unpredictable thiab tsis ncaj ncees. [14]
Zoo kev siab phem muaj qhov uas tsis muaj esteem, kev nyuaj siab, ntxhov siab vim muaj ntau thiab ua npau suav phem. Tej zaum kev kev siab phem pheej muaj pub rau yus tua yus. Tshaj tej ntawm, vim tias muaj qhov ntshai schoolwork suffers thiab concentration tsis yog. Kev tshawb fawb muaj ices tias neeg nriav hais raws li cov me nyuam yuav ua neeg laus kev nyuaj siab thiab nyuaj rau txoj kev sib raug zoo. [15]
Ntawm lub foundations ntawm bullies, lawv lub neej yuav muaj minimised. Lub siab kev faib ua feem tshaj ntawm bullies after tsawg hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tawm ntxov thiab ces tau mus ua teeb meem rau txoj cai. Lawv yog cov plaub zaug yuav tuaj ua ntej lub tsev hais plaub thiab yuav raug kev los tiv thaiv offences. Qhov no nyob hauv lawv lub neej cov entrenches thiab cov me nyuam muaj feem ntau yuav ua bullies. Li no, pheev kom tau cov me nyuam yuav hlob mus ua tsausmuag niam txiv los yog cov neeg zej zog. [16] Tus behaviour ntawm kev siab phem muaj raug nyiaj tsis zoo rau ob leeg lub siab phem thiab tsim txom. Tseem ceeb tsim ib nyuas uas tsis tso behaviour tav no. Txug tej yaam teb chaws muaj proven tias tsev kawm ntawv ua tus tsim happier thiab tsis muaj chaw rau me nyuam. [17]
Tswv yim rau kev soj ntsuam txog kev siab phem muaj tug phooj ywg sib hais kom haum yuav muab cov txhais tau tias raising khiav thiab empowering tus me nyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum muaj lub luag hauj lwm rau kev daws teeb meem. Muab tej lub neej zoo xws li kev sib txuas lus zoo, mloog, assertiveness thiab kev dlaws teeb meem. Lwm yam txuj ci tseem ceeb xws li: hais txog txuj ci, kheej, ntseeg muaj txoj kev xav thiab tab tom xyaum lus nrog rau lwm tus thiab sib ceg txawj daws teeb meem. [18] Nws tseem ceeb heev li hoob kawm uas cov me nyuam tham tab neeg kev siab phem li thiab muaj cov chav kawm ntawv cov cai uas raug nyiaj hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ethos. [19]
[1] Christie, Txo thiab tiv thaiv kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv,’ Taw qhia ' ..
Nyob hauv internet ntawm: www.peacebuildersoz.com/papers/June99.htm
[2] SMH, ' Ob leeg tua tuag, tsib pig ntawm Monash Uni',
Nyob hauv internet ntawm: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/21/1034561430158.html
[3] Christie, op.cit. 'Introduction' .
[4] Christie, op.cit, ‘ Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
[5] Christie, op.cit, 'Tshaj lwm kev nruj kev tsiv' .
[6] Christie, op.cit, 'Tshaj lwm kev nruj kev tsiv'
[7] Christie, op.cit, 'Tsev Influences'
[8] Christie, Txo thiab tiv thaiv kev nruj kev tsiv hauv tsev kawm ntawv. 'Kev siab phem nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv'.
Nyob hauv internet ntawm: www.peacebuildersoz.com/papers/June99.htm
[9] Berne, S. Lub zoo Anti-kev siab phem los pab rau lub tsev kawm ntawv , p6
[10] Christie, op. cit. 'Kev siab phem nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv'
[11] Berne, S. op.cit , p2
[12] Berne, S. Ibid .
[13] Berne, S. Ibid ., p6
[14] Berne, S. Ibid.
[15] Berne, S. Ibid. , pp7-8
[16] Berne, S. op. cit. , pp8-9
[17] Berne, S. Ibid.
[18] Berne, S. Ibid. , p14
[19] Berne, S. Ibid. , pp14-15
Cov tawm thiab kev nruj kev tsiv
Koom txoos yuav tau rau cov lus nug txog kev kub ntxhov nyob rau hauv xov xwm. Muaj ntau ntau sab los sis caav uas sib ceg ntawd tawm raug behaviour thiab xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv uas xav tias yog nws tsis. Kuv tus kheej lub neej kuv puas nrhiav tau kuv tus kheej modelling ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab xaus tias cas peb las tiav niam txiv qhov chaw cim xeeb peb tus kheej thiab yuav tau twv li kom paub txog lub ntiaj teb no. Ua ib tug neeg soj ntsuam kev ua lag luam kuv paub hais tias programming TV yuav tsis tso lub ntiaj teb wider. Programming yog xim nrog tus taw ntawm maximising advertising nyiaj. Yog li no lub ntsiab paab yog profitability kev tsis ua lub luag hauj lwm los yog ntaub ntawv tag.
Tshaj tawm yog saib raws li furthering kev nruj kev tsiv los:
- Zuag qhia tag nrho – Popularisation ntawm kev kub ntxhov nyob rau hauv xov xwm;
- Luam tawm – ib txhia depict cartoons uas xav kom tis ntawm kev phem heev;
- Cov phau ntawv Magazine – ib txhia thuam pojniam thiab txuas lawv muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab rau cov neeg raug dag hais;
- Yees duab – yuav tsausmuag quaj tawv heev, sadistic yuam deev, tsov pro-rog yeeb yaj duab yog ib yam teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb.
(Tau qhov twg los: Jane Chesneau, Pawg neeg txiav txim hauv pawg TV, Sib tham nrog rau riam phom thiab tej kev kub ntxhov nyob Australia, 1989)
This vis ua nruj ua tsiv?
- Pom tsausmuag li cas ib tug tib neeg yuav tsis pom tau ib yam nkaus;
- Ob peb nqis ntsiab txhais ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv;
- Broadcasters liam tas ntau dhau kev nruj kev tsiv hauv TV (Gunter, Wober: 1988)
- UK – 2,078 programmes analysed, siv ib tug 4 lub limtiam qauv, hauv qab 30.1% muaj nyob rau tej kev nruj kev tsiv, zaus ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv 1.7 kev ua ib (Cumberbatch: 1987)
- NZ – 846 lub sijhawm uas nws kev nruj kev tsiv hauv ib lub lis piam, 9.5 kev ua ib,
- Sweden, Switzerland – tsis tshua muaj rau ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv, 2 kev ua ib (NZ Foundation rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev sib raug zoo: 1986);
- Me nyuam nyob nruab nrab – saib 15,000 murders rau TV thaum xyoo kawm ntawv;
- 97% ntawm qhia tias qhov kev ua txhaum, 74% taug txuj kev nyuaj, 86% cartoons muaj kev kub ntxhov.
(Chain Reaction: 1992)
Kev sis caav: 'TV los hloov cov kev kub ntxhov ua rau Aggression' – Pro
- Kev tshawb 50's thiab 60's flaws, txoj kev thiab designs khees me ntsis lawm;
- Ntaub ntawv txhawb kev tshawb pom: 1972 Tus kws phais neeg hais qhia, 1982 Lub koom haum koom ntawm lub paj hlwb, Lub neej puas hawv, Noob nom noob tswv Commission ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv hauv kev lag luam sib, CRTC, UNESCO; (Joesphson:1995)
- Feshback & Singer txoj kev tshawv no (1973) pom cov tub saib kev txhoj puab heev TV kuj nce hauv behaviour txhoj puab heev;
- Txoj kev tshawb Belson (1978) peb 1565 teenage tub hauv hais ntawm 1959 thiab 1971 – cov tub hluas muab pab ntxiv yog nyob rau nyias qib kev nruj kev tsiv, zaus. Belson pom tias viewers uas raug kev nruj kev tsiv siab tau saib qhia txog kev kub ntxhov ntau dua; (Hmong/Williams: 1986);
- Muaj ntau tus zaum pom zoo muaj ib causal kev sib raug zoo;
- Qauv Bidirectional – kev nruj kev tsiv TV influences aggression, aggression influences nyiam rau TV kev nruj kev tsiv
- (Huston & Friedrich-Cofer:1986)
- Kev tau taub ntawm cov me nyuam – Hnub nyoog
- Mus txog 18 lub hli – luv xim spans;
- 2 1/2 yrs – viewers fledged nkaus, tsuas siv cov ntsiab lus, qog, xum cartoons;
- 3-5 yrs – kev mus kom ze, nrhiav lub ntsiab lus. Coj aggressively tom qab uas menyuam ua npaws;
- 6-7 xyoo – lub sij hawm tseem ceeb heev. Txawj ntse muaj peev xwm los ua raws li cov zajlus, inference, qhov yuav, tsawg dag zog puas siab puas ntsws (siv zog txiav txim ua);
- 8 xyoo – rhiab rau cov ntsiab lus, tsis chim tas yog muaj kev kub ntxhov portrayed ua siab phem, nyob, yuav tsis qhia aggression yog kev nruj kev tsiv no qhia lub neej tiag tiag, paub cov cim los koom rau hauv u txhoj puab heev;
- 6-11 yrs – menyuam qhia ntau tus, saj tau ntshai heev, desensitising kom lawv ntshai thiab kev nruj kev tsiv, feem ntau yuav pab tiv thaiv kom cov neeg nyob hauv ntiaj teb tiag;
- 12-17 yrs – abstract xav, meem, siv zog me ntsis puas siab puas ntsws, xav suab paj nruag yeeb yaj duab, ntshai heev, duab liab qab (cov tub hluas) kam nrog xai hauv txoj kev tsis zoo. Cov me nyuam hluas tsis ntseeg kev muaj tiag rau TV, kev cai sib tw.
(Tau qhov twg los: W. Josephson, Kev nruj kev tsiv TV: Muaj kev sablaj txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv)
Los ntawm cov me nyuam
Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem txog kev kub ntxhov TV qais cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no hu mus txog tej yam rau cov me nyuam.
- Lub cev aggression, tej zaum yuav ua kom raug mob, lus tsim txom, ntshai heev txawm (Hmong/Williams:1986)
- Txoj kev tshawb Belson (1978) – hluas TV cuam tshuam tos pov tseg rau kev nruj kev tsiv;
- Xyaum ua tej yam – ib pab neeg ntawm cov menyuam uas pom tau tias zaj duab xis TV uas ib tug neeg ua si roughly nrog menyuam roj hmab, tiv thaiv kab mob zoo xws li cov menyuam roj hmab, feem ntau yuav ua zog (NZ Foundation rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev sib raug zoo:1986);
- Puas hawv kev tshawb pom kev nruj kev tsiv televised muaj teebmeem ntawm cov me nyuam – imitation, kev nruj kev tsiv copycat;
- Siab ntsws los ntawm cov me nyuam, desensitise;
- No los lub cev ua kom kho tau cov lus tsis sib haum;
- 300 nyob rau hauv kev tshawb 1986 – me chim tas ntau ntau los ntawm menyuam TV;
- Cov me nyuam uas tsim tsausmuag los sis chim tas heroically u thiab pom heroes uas yuav muaj cuam tshuam los ntawm tsausmuag TV, u ua rehearsals rau tsausmuag teb mus koom kev kawm ntawm lub neej.
(Tau qhov twg los: W. Josephson, Kev nruj kev tsiv TV: Muaj kev sablaj txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv)
Peb puas muaj lub luag hauj lwm?
- UN 1959 Tshaj tawm txog cov cai ntawm tus me nyuam;
- Txoj cai kev txhawj uas tus tau tsim; tus peev xwm thiab kev kawm yuav pab tau cov neeg hauv zej zog;
- Muaj ntau yim neeg muaj arenas xav paub ntxiv txog tej teeb meem;
- Qhov zoo tshaj yuav tseem ceeb tshaj plaws – qhov zoo tshaj ntawm txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov niam txiv.
(Tau qhov twg los: Sib tham nrog rau riam phom thiab tej kev kub ntxhov nyob Australia, 1989)
Li cas cov me nyuam xav thiab hnov txog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nruj kev tsiv?
Xaiv cov kev tshawb fawb anecdotal hauv lub tsev (Qib Elementary) Tsev kawm ntawv, Melbourne Australia 2003.
Menyuam yaus 4 Melbourne lub tsev kawm ntawv tau koom tes nrog kev tshawb pilot ntawm qhov kev pab cuam cia SIAB TIAG. Lawv teb lus nug in relation to kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kub ntxhov. Cov me nyuam nyob twg uas muaj rov ntawm 6 thiab 10 xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog sau lub sij hawm ib ' tawm sib kho’ nrog 8 hoob nyob 4 tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog anecdotal ntawv thiab tsi muaj tus sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov me nyuam. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua kom muaj kev sib sab laj rau paj. Lis dej num hauv kev nkhaus xa mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Q. Thaum kuv hais cov lus kev sib raug zoo li koj xav thiab hnov?
- Ntsiag to, nqig, relaxing, kev sib haum xeeb clown, kev lom zem, kev sib haum xeeb nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, tsaug zog, tsis muaj racism, cia khoom thaum npau taws rau koj tus kheej (OV)
- Tsis muaj tsov rog, quietness, cov neeg zoo siab, zoo siab, sib raug zoo, hlub, togetherness (OV)
- Yin thiab yaj, ntsiag to, sib koom, ntiaj teb uas tsis muaj ntau yam phem, sib raug zoo, lwm tus neeg paub (OV)
- Zoo siab, ntiaj teb no kev sib haum xeeb, ntsiag to, cov kev kub ntxhov, zoo siab (RE)
- Tsaug zog kus, hlub, tranquillity, hippies, cov neeg tuav tes, tsis muaj wars, tsev khaws puav pheej tsob ntoo, tsiaj, xav tias yam txawv ntawm cov neeg ntaus, dawb me me nquab cov ceg txiv roj (MONT1)
- Tsis muaj ntaus, zoo siab, PM tswj tas, nquab, halo (MONT2)
- Zoo siab, tu, tsis muaj tsov rog, hlub thiab kev kaj siab lug, kev lom zem, so, tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov, nuclear disarmament, siab ntev, lub ntiaj teb zoo (TT).
Q. Kev sib haum xeeb zoo licas? Koj puas pom dab tsi hauv siab?
- Zoo siab, seev suab noog, mus saib koj tej favourite, lom zem – ua si, dej, nkhoob nkhoob, hlub, tsev neeg, npau suav (txaij nim txaij), muab paj ntaub ntawv (OV)
- Kev sib haum xeeb clown, nyob zoo tus neeg, 60ntawv, txhua tug together, hippy kos npe, yin thiab yaj (OV)
- Tsis muaj tsov rog, tsis muaj mob phem, sawv daws noj tsis starving, txhua leej txhua tus nyob hauv lub tsev nyob thiab tej khoom noj khoom haus, Kuv tsis nyiam nws thaum neeg tsis muaj tsev thiab zaub mov, exciting (OV)
- Yin thiab yaj, cim kev sib haum xeeb, tsev noj mov (yuav mus), nyiaj so koobtsheej, tojntxas, pw tsaug zog (RE)
- Cov luamyeeb colourful pa taws liab, lub vaj botanic, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ua ke, kev nruj kev tsiv microscopic coloured txuj kev ncau ntau zaj sawv, rose coloured tsom-iav, nyob zoo Yani yeej, X-kem – tsausmuag yees duab ua si (nyuam qhuav muaj kev ua si), ntxeev lus txog kev sib raug zoo ua nruj ua tsiv, lwm tiam xav tias kev nruj kev tsiv yog zoo, paddock – nyom (MONT1)
- Zoo sib, phaj, ntiaj teb zoo lawm li kos npe rau kev sib raug zoo, ua haujlwm ua ke, ntxhi, sib tuav tes, kub – yin thiab yaj (MONT2)
- Zoo siab, zoo, relaxing, lom zem, nqig, yog ib tug zoo, nyab xeeb (TT).
Q. Li cas koj hnov thaum koj tshuav tawm ntawm tus pab?
- Phem, tsis muaj ib tug nyiam kuv, ib leeg, tshuav, lawv siv koj, chim thiab tsis zoo siab, chim siab, bash hau, tsis muaj leej twg mus zov, tsis muaj ib tug zov, tsis txhob nyob ua ib ke, me me, tsis muaj ib tug nyiam koj, tej yam zoo, lollies – txhua tus neeg tuaj cuag koj, tu siab (OV)
- U siab, tu siab, chim siab, kho siab, npau taws, ib loner, swb, ntseeg tau tias koj tsis kom zoo (OV)
- Tshuav tawm – bored, kho siab, vim li cas ho tsis cia kuv nyob hauv cov pab pawg, koj siv, Kuv mam li qhia rau koj hauv kuv pab yog..., mob, chim siab, tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv, nyob mus tas koj lub neej, neeg ntaus lub plawv, coj mus hais tias lawv yog koj cov phooj ywg, spiteful – muab lwm tus neeg, tsis muaj kev phooj ywg (OV)
- Tu siab, npau taws, tsis txhob mus, ib leeg, ua, chim siab, chim, tsis caw
- Yog sab laug tawm dab tsi koj yuav ua: hais kom lawv yog lawv xav ua si, lawv ntxias – tham, mus ua si nrog lwm tus (RE)
- Tu siab, mluas mlob, chim, npau taws, kua zaub ntsuab, AH big deal mus rau lwm tus, ua rau koj tus kheej pawg neeg (kua zaub ntsuab (npau taws), chim – yog tias tsis xav ua ces zoo siab, txawv (tsis txais), tsis zoo txaus, tsis txij lawv (ZAUS)
- Tu siab, npau taws, hais, kho siab, txaj muag, tu siab, tsis muaj ib tug yog koj phooj ywg, chim siab, swb, betrayed, loner (ZAUS).
Q. Li cas koj hnov thaum koj tseem muab tau khaws (hais)?
- Bossed ib ncig, quaj, khib, tu siab (OV)
- Chim siab, hem, npau taws, ntshai, ntxhov siab (OV)
- Tu siab, npau taws, bash, phem (RES/SX /)
- Npau taws, chim siab, hem, khaws, defensive, defenceless, tus neeg tsis paub (ZAUS)
- Txaj muag, hem, muab, raug teeb meem, ntshai, khib, chim siab, qaug, ntxhov siab, tsis zoo (MONT2)
- Tu siab, tsis zoo siab, passive – tsis muaj zog, rov quav niab, npau taws, tsis cia siab (TT)
Q. Vim yog lub siab phem de rau tib neeg?
- Maj npau taws, ua lwm yam tsis muaj zog – bigger, hwj chim, niam txiv kev luam, yuav zoo li lawv – xam khib, ncaws, qaum kawm – hais ua ntej, tsis muaj nyiaj tuaj (MONT4-5-6)
Q. Kev nruj kev tsiv yog dab tsi?
- Ib tug neeg uas, swearing, sib ntaus (OV4)
- Tua, sib ntaus, swearing (OV)
- Cov neeg ua phem rau lwm, yam scary, swearing, scaring koj, sib ntaus, nto qaub ncaug, nto qaub ncaug, roj hmab (OV)
- Ua phem rau tib neeg, swearing, sib ntaus, tua, ntshav hluav taws (RE)
- Hais lus phem, ua kom ntshai cov neeg, hais lus phem, scary M.A. tsos, fights, tua (RE)
- Mob mob lub cev, halo kev ua si yees duab- tua aliens, Tinton rau cov nplaum dynamite Congo hauv Rino lub tab sis, riam phom, tsov rog, ua phem rau cov os, video ntshav Rayne – tim teb chaws Ottoman tiv thaiv lub Nazi (MONT1)
- Riam, txoj kev sib thab, tua, hnyuv mos txwv thiab phom, kev siab phem (MONT2)
- Sib ntaus, phom-shooting, riam phom, tsov rog, dlha – boxing, swearing, neeg txoj sia, tsim txom (TT)
Q. Dab tsi koj xav thiab hnov thaum koj mus ntsib tus neeg ua phem sib rau T.V. (ua cas xov xwm)
- tsis zoo, hlob thiab ua tib yam. Nquab tsev Simpsons yuam kev Bart, cov me nyuam me tsab, ruam, tu siab, u siab. (OV)
- Lom zem, tiaj nras, muab koj cov sib yab sib yaum mus ua- tsheb, ceev-xav kom, humorous, laj – surprise, los ntawm cov qhov rai, qhov muag tuag, xyuas – tsis txhob cia siab tias, Nyobzoo – tsis tau tej yam koj pom rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub (OV)
- Tsis zoo – lub teb chaws (Indonesia) tua neeg, cov neeg siv ceev xwmphem, dwb – qhia me nyuam kom ua, kev luam TV. Zoo li? Funny tiag Godzilla – funny, Dej tub-txoj kev sib thab (OV)
- Kev nruj kev tsiv, cuav, phem, smash TV tsis nyiam nws, phem, mob – to thiab nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag, lub taub hau butted (RE)
- Hom, tsis txhob xav tias txhua yam, cov me nyuam me ua nws, yog nyob e.g. Titanic tshaj tiag, Ned Kelly – rau tus tsis txhaum tua, tsov rog – German lub siab phem, muaj kev ntshai, mob (MONT1)
- Uaj, screams, scary, ntshai heev, u siab, lig tsis ncaj ncees. Tsis-zoo zoo, tsis muaj tiag, hom, tsis txhob saib xov xwm, sab nraum lub xeev, yog nyob 9 tsausmuag thaum, tom, hem, tu siab (MONT2)
- Xav tias tu siab, dab tsi, tsis zom tsis real, zoo siab heev – xws li sib ntaus, luag, ceeb thiab txaj muag hais txog cov neeg hauv zej zog, ntshai thiab txhawj xeeb, npau suav phem (TT).
Q. Koj puas paub dab 'tseem' txhais tau hais tias?
- Tsis muaj ntaus los yog swearing, tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov, tus neeg zoo, businessman, pommy tsis nyiam sib ntaus (OV)
- Cov movies G, tsis swearing, nto qaub ncaug, tsis muaj ntaus, cov me nyuam yuav zov, tsis muab ib tug piv txwv no phem (OV)
- Tsis muaj tej yam phem, tsis txoj kev sib thab, ntaus los sis tau phem, yeeb yam – hais swearing los sis kev kub ntxhov tsis npaum kev nruj kev tsiv (OV)
- Tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov, tsis muaj ntaus, tsis tua, tsis muaj phom, tsis xuas nrig ntaus (RE)
- Tsis muaj swear, si nicely, tsis tua, hwm lwm tus, ua si los ntawm cov kev cai, tsis xuas nrig ntaus (RE)
- Tsis tua los, siab tawv, riam, tsov rog, kev sib raug zoo – opposite to rog, tsis zoo, tho txawv, txhua yam kev zoo li qub, ntiaj teb tsis balanced, weird, tsis ntshai, yuav tsum tau ntshai – paub txog kev muaj tiag, unrealistic (MONT1)
- Tsis tau muaj kev nruj kev tsiv, tu, sib koom, to taub, hlub, tsis muaj kev sib cuag, zoo siab (MONT2)
- Kiddie ua si, txoj kev girly, whoosy, tais caus, tsis swearing, zoo siab, taug txuj kev nyuaj, txhob siv txhais tes los yog txhais ceg, los ua ke thiab paub ntau zaus (TT).
Q. Yog dab tsi muaj zog?
- Mus kev deb (OV)
- Tes taw hnyav li, nqaij, tawv-macho, hlub-tsis muaj dab tsi yuav zom, neeg – Olympics (OV)
- Tuav Bandicoot – txiv apples, nqaij, hwj chim hla Court, qoob loo (RE)
- Kuab, kev tswj qhov koj, zoo siab rau koj tus kheej (RE)
- Honourable, ntxim rau cov neeg muaj zog e.g. tsov rog, softness rau cov neeg muaj zog, cawv, hlub (MONT1)
- Hwj chim, overrule, tau tsis tau khoom – broke laj kab, believing rau koj tus kheej, trusting (MONT1)
- Tsis believing hauv Court, tsis raug kev puas siab muaj zog, kev xav, tu siab, negativity (MONT2)
- Ntsug, qoob loo, sim tsis txhob noj lawm, tswj siab phem (TT)
Q. Yog dab tsi muaj zog?
- Cug, tsis lub cev muaj zog txaus, tsis txhob sib ntaus (OV)
- Tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj ce, bullies ua lawv tus kheej zoo zoo heev, tsis muaj gym – tub nkees (OV)
- Smackdown – fake, nkees, cov neeg quaj ntsuag, sookies, tsis muaj qoob loo (RE)
- Hluas nkauj, kom lwm tus neeg uas sawv ntsug, cov tub hluas hais tias cov menyuam ntxhais muaj muaj zog, tus txiv neej uas muaj zog tshaj cov poj niam (RE)
- Ntxub, tsis tau sawv ntsug rau ntawm koj tus kheej, npias – tsis haus cawv, kev nruj kev tsiv – lub cev tshaj plaws, mob xiam oob khab – qaug taug kev mus rau kev tsim txom, muaj zog, ♦ tus neeg (ZAUS)
- Sawv me me, tsis txhob sawv ntsug, quaj, sulk, tais caus style – tsis muaj zog, slang, sooking, hem (TT)
Q. Tsov rog yog dab tsi?
- Tsis muaj sij hawm nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, taug caij taug nyoog yuav tau ua zoo khoom ces uas, siab phem, lub ntiaj teb, npau taws, cov neeg ntshai kawg, tsis zoo siab vim hais tias cov neeg tuag, tu siab, tuag, neeg hem los ntawm ob lub tsev, xav tias nws yog ib tug yeeb yam tab sis nws ntawm, mob (OV)
- Tua, sib ntaus, ntxeev lus txog kev sib raug zoo, ua phem, ntxub, phom, tej tawg hem, mob, explosions, angriness, cav tov, ntshav, tsis meej pem (OV)
- Hatred, u siab, tu siab, tua neeg, tsuas sib ntaus sib tua, sib ntaus, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov cav tov, thov txim rau cov neeg tuag neeg xav tawm rooj nrog phom, tua, neeg tuag, tom qab mus ceremony, leej twg mus ua tsov ua rog mus tojntxas yuav tau nco (OV)
- Sib ntaus, kev nruj kev tsiv, tua neeg, neeg tuag, gunshots, tej tawg hem, sob yog hais tias koj tuag, mob, muab lub neej los tua kom tau xwb, torturing, riam phom – nuclear, ua yus tua yus (cov neeg phem) (RE)
- Cov, tuag, shooting, phom, tej tawg hem, Osama rau hauv Laden / Saddam Hussein, dav hlau mus yees, childish – ntaus dua tej yam pib sib ntaus, Ua li cas, phem tuaj nqa, paj ntshav uas tseg tau ib cov dawb thiab mus dub thiab xyuas, castles lub tsev thiab raising armies, nuclear foob pob (MONT1)
- Sib ntaus, riam phom, destructions, tej tawg hem, npau taws, Tsi muaj xov thoob – khaum PM, txoj kev ywj pheej, kev sib haum xeeb, ntaus tau ib yam dab tsi, tu siab, quaj, kua muag, tuag, nrhiav kom lawv paub tias nws yog hauv lawv tab sis nrhiav tsis tau (MONT2)
- Lwm cov neeg tuag, tsis txhaum, ntaus tiv thaiv tsis tau lwm lub teb chaws, kev nruj kev tsiv, cov kev sib raug zoo, tsis ua num ua ke ua ib pab, xyuas lwm tus, lus thiab sib cam, Peb tsis tau tua, peb yog cov neeg, yeeb ncuab, los tsoo lwm tus muab ntawm lwm tus nkawm khau, koj xav li cas (TT) .
Q. Vim ua neeg muaj teeb meem los yog tua?
- Tiv thaiv lub teb chaws, seb leej twg muaj zog, chaw uas zoo heev, kua zaub ntsuab mus rau lwm tus (lub teb chaws), kev sib tw rau ib yam dab tsi, ces thiaj pom cov teb chaws uas zoo (OV)
- Rau daim av, kua zaub ntsuab, seb leej twg zoo dua, yuav tsum (tub rog), terrorist, lom zem, cov ntseeg, tsis txhaum (OV)
- Tiv thaiv lub teb chaws, tsis xav mus zes rau lawv lub teb chaws tus neeg, xav tau ntau daim av, tsov rog kom tau zaub mov ntau, tsis tau-vim li cas ho tsis hais kom. Coj li cov neeg, txhais hais tias, tus saib xyuas haujlwm ib ncig, kho li qhev, tsum yeej xwb daim av, kev sib ntaus rau las, kev sib ntaus rau roj (OV)
- Txuag lawv lub teb chaws, saib, li ntawd, peb tsis tau txais kev mob, kev ntseeg, tsis ncaj ncees, puas tu siab (RE)
- Hom tswvyim, neb ob leeg xav tib yam, tus neeg tsis hais txog cov teeb meem, niam txiv txoj kev coj thiab xav, luam, tsis tau ib lub zej zog (MONT1)
- Nrhiav kev sib haum xeeb ntiaj teb, xam khib, nyiaj, kua zaub ntsuab, roj, xav tias lawv yuav tsum , lawm nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug zoo rau lwm lub teb chaws e.g. riam phom nuclear nres, lwm txoj cai – tsis, Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab U.S. (MONT2)
- Sib ntxub, los yeej, xav daim av, qhov chaw zoo nyob, tus kheej seb leej twg zoo dua, muaj zog, PEB, Iraq, kua zaub ntsuab, kom tau justified, petrol – lawv xav, txhob pub lawv, tua (TT).